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Eropa

Menyoal Seremonial Peringatan ‘Perebutan Konstantinopel’ yang Digagas Erdogan: Turki Ingin Kenang Penaklukan atau Pendudukan?

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POROS PERLAWANAN – Pada peringatan ke-567 perebutan Konstantinopel dan perubahan namanya menjadi Astana, Islambol dan kemudian ke Istanbul, pemerintahan Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan melakukan seremonial yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, di bawah pengawasan Presiden Turki, Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Seperti Jumat lalu, ia membacakan Surah al-Fath di dalam “Hagia Sophia” yang dibangun oleh Bizantium sebagai gereja, lalu Sultan Mehmed sang Penakluk mengubahnya menjadi masjid, kemudian Mustafa Kemal Ataturk mengubahnya menjadi museum, dan tetap demikian hingga hari ini.

Erdogan sering mengulangi niatnya untuk mengembalikan “Hagia Sophia” menjadi inklusif, tetapi ia memahami bahwa langkah semacam itu tidak mudah mengingat sensitivitas antara Muslim Turki dan Kristen Eropa, terutama Yunani, yang berada di bawah Konstantinopel, terutama karena munculnya negara Bizantium setelah pemisahannya dari Kekaisaran Romawi.

Tiap 29 Mei, Turki merayakan “Penaklukan Konstantinopel”. Namun perayaan itu tidak di bawah sponsor resmi Pemerintah, hanya disponsori partai-partai Islam, terutama partai Necmettin Erbakan.

Berbeda dengan tahun ini, perayaan dilangsungkan secara resmi dan besar, perangkat visual terpasang di dinding “Hagia Sophia”, yang mencerminkan bagaimana tentara Mehmed Sang Penakluk berhasil menghancurkan dinding Konstantinopel, memasuki kota, dan menghunuskan pedang dalam menghadapi “orang-orang kafir”, serta menyanyikan lagu dan pawai Ottoman. Perayaan memuncak dengan pembacaan Surah Al-Fath di gereja sebelumnya, juga menampilkan sebuah video Presiden Republik Turki yang menggambarkan peradaban Bizantium sebagai peradaban hitam.

Peristiwa itu luar biasa bagi Erdogan, yang manahbiskan diri sebagai Brigade Ottoman baru dan mencapai beberapa keberhasilan, di antaranya memiliki pusat dan pangkalan di Irak utara, menduduki sebagian besar Suriah, serta membuat kemajuan militer di Libya berkoalisi dengan pemerintah Fayez al-Sarraj, menghadapi Jenderal Khalifa Haftar yang didukung oleh Mesir, Uni Emirat Arab dan Arab Saudi.

Peringatan Kostantinopel ini menjadi simbol fanatisme Turki yang telah mencapai titik tertentu. Sehingga Zaki Qureshun, penulis surat kabar pro-Erdogan Yeni Shafak, menyamakan penaklukan Istanbul dengan pembukaan Mekah.

“Penaklukan Istanbul tidak kalah pentingnya dengan penaklukan Mekah,” katanya. “Penaklukan Mekah untuk pemindahan Islam di tangan Rasul menjadi universal, dan penaklukan Istanbul menyebabkan revolusi peradaban Islam.”

Sementara pemimpin redaksi Yeni Shafak, Ibrahim Karah Gul, menuliskan kemarahannya yang diarahkan pada kekuatan anti-Turki, timur dan barat yang ingin menahan Turki, serta menggunakan kata “masjid” pada “Hagia Sophia”.

Di sisi lain, penulis sekuler Erdal Atapk menulis di My Republic, bahwa “Muhammad al-Fatih menempati tempat khusus dalam sejarah Ottoman, dan Istanbul membuka episode penting dalam sejarah dunia. Tetapi ketahuilah, pada saat Ottoman mengambil Konstantinopel, Eropa sedang memasuki Renaissance di mana ada lebih dari 50 universitas, dan astronom terkenal dan fisikawan Gallilee sebagai profesor matematika di Universitas Pisa. Eropa mengakhiri era teokrasi dan memasuki era humaniora, kebebasan, akal, sains dan seni. Alkitab diterjemahkan dari bahasa Latin ke bahasa Prancis, Inggris, dan Jerman. Dan pers Gutenberg muncul.”

“Adapun Kekaisaran Ottoman berada di luar segala sesuatu yang terjadi di Eropa, dan tidak menyaksikan gerakan pembaruan apa pun. Pers saja baru masuk tahun 1730. Turki bahkan melarang penerjemahan Al-Quran, hanya boleh membaca dalam bahasa Arab. Al-Quran diterjemahkan atas perintah Ataturk. Jadi, sejarah mana yang sedang ingin dikenang oleh Turki?” pungkas Erdal Atapk.

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